I am not familiar with the Vex but I2C is a standard so they should be the same. You are correct in that it serves primarily for internal communications over short distances.
The primary sensors I was looking to are some color and light sensors. In our setup the sensor itself could be kept close to the PLC and fiber optics or other light pipe could transmit the light we are inspecting from the source to the sensor.
If memory serves me right, the bus can be extended if the proper capacitance is maintained along with shielding, buffers etc. I don't think I want to be on the far side of crazy though. If all else fails I can add a few micros into the system to collect the data and use RS-485 to transmit back to the PLC. It would be nice to avoid the extra micro though if reliability isn't sacrificed.